![]() ![]() Six representative communities -Nicodemus, Kansas Langston City, Oklahoma Boley, Indian Territory Mound Bayou, Mississippi Dearfield, Colorado and Allensworth, California -all shared these characteristics and will be discussed in depth. Moreover for the African Americans who had briefly held political power in the Reconstruction-era South before being overwhelmed by conservative white regimes, the possibility of distinct black political autonomy was particularly attractive. African Americans, largely unable to secure land and economic opportunity in the ex-Confederate states, looked to the West, with its reserves of inexpensive land that could be accessed through the Homestead Act. Like whites, blacks were lured by the promise of the West. The vast majority of black towns emerged in the West, however, following the end of Reconstruction. These communities, populated by exslaves from the surrounding countryside, arose from the desire of freedpeople to own land without interference. Texas led the way in the late 1860s, with the founding of Shankleville in 1867 and Kendleton in 1870. More black towns emerged in the first years after the Civil War. The first black town in the United States was created in 1835, when "Free Frank" McWhorter, an ex-Kentucky slave, founded the short-lived community of New Philadelphia, Illinois. However, most of these efforts were poorly funded and managed, and none survived very long. Wilberforce, as well as most of the later Canadian settlements, such as Dawn and Elgin, were operated largely by white charities and were designed to give African Americans land and teach them usable skills. In 1829 the settlement of Wilberforce was created to resettle black refugees expelled from Cincinnati. The first all-black communities began in Upper Canada (Ontario) as an offshoot of the abolitionist movement. ![]() However, they added special enticements for African Americans: the ability to escape racial oppression, control their economic destinies, and prove black capacity for self-government. The founders of towns such as Nicodemus, Kansas Boley, Oklahoma and Mound Bayou, Mississippi, like the entrepreneurs who created Chicago, Denver, and thousands of other municipalities across the nation, hoped their enterprises would be profitable and appealed to early settlers with the promise of rising real estate values. ![]() Black towns, either mostly or completely African-American incorporated communities with autonomous black city governments and commercially oriented economies often serving a hinterland of black farmers, were created with clearly defined economic and political motives. For deliveries that are refused or returned as undeliverable, we will issue a refund minus a 15% restocking fee and any applicable delivery costs.African-American town promoters established at least eighty-eight, and perhaps as many as two hundred, black towns throughout the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We will issue a refund on the original credit card used for purchase. Requests for online returns must be made to and the return invoice must be included. The request for the return must be made within 10 days of the delivery and the items must be returned within 15 days. The buyer is responsible for delivery charges on refunded items. If the return brought back to Bitter Pops by the delivery driver, the delivery fee ($7) is not refundable. We will refund the original price onto the credit card used for the purchase, or issue a gift card in the amount of the refund for in-store credit.Īny online purchase can be returned in-store with the above conditions. If you do need to return an item the following is our return policy.Īny eligible purchase of unopened beer, spirits, and wine can be returned in-store with a receipt within 15 days. Customer satisfaction is our goal, and we hope that you are happy with any purchase. ![]()
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